ࡱ> kmj 13bjbj>> 7NTT#+ \\8LN$"Mr(uuuLLLLLLL$OQdLuuuuuLLuLuLD-Iв 6|qF,LL0"MFRRX-I-IRKuuuuuuuLLuuu"MuuuuRuuuuuuuuu\ |:  Programme Review to OCG-VI Network Specifications for the SOOP Gustavo Goni Chairman, SOOPIP Performance Measured Against Requirements The JCOMM Ship Of Opportunity Programme (SOOP) produces oceanographic sampling from cargo, research, and cruise ships, using mainly eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBT), but also of eXpendable Conductivity Temperature Depth (XCTD), Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP), ThermoSalinoGraphs (TSG), and Continuous Plankton Recorders (CPR). Presently, only the XBT network is based on recommendations from international and regional panels, presented at OceanObs09. The main mission of the XBT network is the collection of upper ocean temperature profiles, involving repeat sampling at regular intervals along pre-determined routes, denominated lines or transects. The global eXpendable BathyThermograph (XBT) network is an international effort, which addresses both scientific and operational goals that contribute to the building of a sustained ocean observing system. The XBT deployments are designated by their spatial and temporal sampling goals or modes of deployment (Low Density, Frequently Repeated, and High Density or High Resolution) and conducted along repeated, scientifically important transects, on either large or small spatial scales, or at special locations such as boundary currents and chokepoints. These observations are complemented by or complementary to other observational programs, such as Argo, the surface drifter array, pCO2 system network, satellite altimetry, etc. Multi-national reviews of the XBT network were carried out at the 1999 and 2009 OceanObs Conferences and continued being evaluated during the four XBT Science Workshops (Miami, 2008; Hamburg, 2010; Melbourne, 2011; and Beijing, 2014). Given the advances in the Argo program, the global XBT network is now focused on: Assessment of seasonal and interannual variation of volume of major open ocean currents, Assessment of boundary current and ocean interior mass and heat transport across basin transects. Contributing observations for seasonal to multidecadal variability assessments in upper ocean temperature and heat content, and Initialization and validation of numerical models. The accomplishment and maintenance of the recommended transects are dependant on ship traffic, recruitment strategies, budget restraints, and scientific and operational needs. The XBT network continues to place more emphasis on the implementation of XBT transects in High Density mode, which data are largely used by the scientific community. Approximately 20,000 XBTs are deployed every year, of which roughly 17,000 correspond to the XBT network and are mostly transmitted in real-time and ingested into operational data bases. The rest of the XBTs, approximately 3,000, correspond to XBTs deployed on research cruises. There are approximately 60 ships participating in the maintenance of the XBT network and 70 ships transmitting TSG data. Data acquisition and transmission into global data bases is crucial to assess performance. The Ship of Opportunity Program, and in particular the XBT network, supports other observational efforts by making their ships and scientific riders available to the deployment or installation of other observational platforms. This becomes critical as some XBT transects run across areas that are seldom occupied by: Surface drifters Deployment of Argo floats pCO2 system operations Data Collection & Exchange XBT observations from the XBT network are almost fully transmitted in real-time into the GTS after undergoing an automatic quality control process. Quality controlled delayed-mode XBT data supplied by XBT Operators are distributed by NOAA/NODC and by Coriolis. Metadata from XBT observations are critical, particularly for current studies of XBT fall rate equation. The XBT Science Team met in Beijing in November 2014 to discuss results from XBT fall rate studies and experiments. As a result, the community recommended a unique data set that currently has the lowest bias and errors, and submitted the findings and recommendations for review (Lijing Cheng et al, 2015, under review). NOAA/NODC and Coriolis are the repository of all XBT observations and they coordinate the delayed-time data management. Support for a high quality delayed time data processing is currently being done by GTSPP. Measurement Standards & QC Issues Data transmitted in real-time go through different quality control procedures depending on their transmission method. An effort to standardize the procedures through one working group within CLIVAR/GSOP (Global Synthesis and Observations Panel) has already started under IQUOD (International Quality Controlled Ocean Database). Metadata for TSG observations are also critical, particularly the calibration coefficients and calibration dates for delayed-mode data quality control. TSG data management efforts are currently being lead by GOSUD (Global Ocean Surface Underway Data) Panel. Logistics & Resources With the current funding levels, there are 31 transects (58% of all recommended) being successfully operated and fulfilled according to the goals for those specific transects. On the other hand, limited funding makes it difficult to achieve the desired sampling on some transects, which are not being occupied. For example, FR transects in the North Pacific were suspended during 2010 and have not been reinstated. Although very difficult to estimate it could be stated that this Program needs approximately 60% of additional funding in order to accomplish all the High Density transects recommended by the international community. This international effort has translated during the last years into enhanced and closer collaboration among several institutions. International partnerships are key to the success in the implementation of the XBT network, where the operations are related to ship recruiting, deployment of probes, data transmission, data quality control, data dissemination and archiving. The countries contributing the largest efforts to the several aspects of the XBT network are: Argentina , Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Africa, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Monthly maps of XBT observations are provided through: http://www.jcommops.org/sot/maps. In addition, the XBT Science web page, hosted by NOAA/AOML, continues being maintained by the XBT Science Team, to distribute information on XBTs: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/goos/xbtscience/index.php Web tools to monitor real-time data flow into the GTS from XBTs (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/GTS/XBT/) and TSG (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/GTS/TSG/) continue being used. Other sites, such as  HYPERLINK "http://goos142.amverseas.noaa.gov/db/xbtplotapp.html" http://goos142.amverseas.noaa.gov/db/xbtplotapp.html permit the monitoring of SEAS transmissions into the GTS. These tools are routinely used to monitor and track the deployment of XBTs and of TSG observations. However, they are restricted to data only transmitted into the GTS. Data Applications & Data Users SOOP addresses both scientific and operational goals for building a sustained ocean observing system. XBT observations represent approximately 20% of the upper ocean thermal observations. The main objective of XBT observations are linked specifically to the three modes of deployment. Data along fixed transects are of critical scientific value and used to: Monitoring of major open ocean currents, Monitoring of meridional heat transport, Contribute to assessments in upper ocean temperature and heat content, and Initialization and validation of numerical models. The XBT Science Team was formed in 2011. Detailed information on the use of XBT data, XBT-products, and XBT bibliography can be found at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/goos/xbtscience/xbt_science_team.php" http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/goos/xbtscience/xbt_science_team.php. Approximately 85 peer-reviewed manuscripts using XBT data are published every year. Existing XBT transects already provide multi-decadal historical records, resolving mesoscale features along fixed transects, contributing with information that currently no other observational platform can duplicate. In an ocean observing system for climate, systematic observations of western boundary currents and interocean exchanges are a critical element. In the context of the integrated ocean observing system, the XBT Program is the only element providing systematic repeated observations of all 5 subtropical western boundary currents (Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, East Australian Current, Agulhas, and Brazil Current) as well as crossings of all of the inter-ocean and interhemispheric exchanges via the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Indonesian Throughflow. The XBT transects also continue providing quarterly monitoring of across-basin meridional heat transport and meridional overturning circulation. As the observing system evolves, glider transects in the strong current systems will contribute with additional valuable data. Capacity-building Requirements Several tools, including installation and operation manuals continue being updated as reference for crew members and ship riders to operate XBT equipment and for technicians to install and maintain TSG equipment. Through international collaboration, XBT probes and equipment donations, the goals of the XBT network continue to be met for the high density mode of deployment. Potential New Technology Improved and new technologies keep being explored and tested in the SOOP operations, such as autolaunchers (AL) for different types of XBTs, (AL) built to support a larger number (above 20) of XBTs, wireless technology for transmission of data from the AL to the onboard computer, AL powered with solar-powered battery, and transition from Immarsat-C to Iridium transmissions. This change in transmissions will reduce transmission operation costs by 80% during the next year. Tests of a new Climate Quality XBT probes that can obtain temperature profiles with reduced errors in temperature are currently being carried out. This effort is being lead by Sippican in collaboration with NOAA/AOML and is expected to last at least three more years. Ideas For The Way Forward The most important matters that relate to the SOOP and that will continue to be addressed and/or implemented by the SOOPIP and/or XBT Science Team and/or the CLIVAR/GSTP are: 1) Recommendation of new fall rate equation coefficients and correction methodologies for historical XBT data; 2) Assessment of temperature and depth errors in the XBT historical data base; 3) Improved communications of scientific results showing the value of the SOOP-derived observations; 4) Support of new technology for XBT probes, launchers, and data acquisition systems; 5) Support the integration of the diverse observations obtained from ships of the SOOP and from other observational platforms.     #$;A`a< ^ o Z t u | ˾˾|||oeoe[Q[h6OCJOJQJh`CJOJQJhCJOJQJhzhCJOJQJhCJOJQJhU#5CJOJQJhzhU#5CJOJQJhb;hU#5CJOJQJ hzhU#CJOJQJmH sH hzhU#CJOJQJhZCJOJQJh@ 5CJOJQJaJhzhU#5CJOJQJaJhU#5CJOJQJaJ@AO`aA~  ;Lf & F gd? gd? & F gdq gdU# gdU# p^pgdU#$a$gdU# H?AN|4@LP\gxy})1<bd 3SXz~ȻȱȻȻȻȱȻȱȻȱܧҧܧܝܝܓܝܝܓhCJOJQJhU#CJOJQJhe\CJOJQJhRQCJOJQJhzhRQCJOJQJhqCJOJQJhCJOJQJhzhU#CJOJQJhzhMCJOJQJhMCJOJQJ:?@H{:|}龴ߴ}l^PlhMuCJOJQJmH sH h?CJOJQJmH sH  hzhU#CJOJQJmH sH hzhU#5CJOJQJ#hzhU#5CJOJQJmH sH hzh?CJOJQJh~CJOJQJh?CJOJQJhU#CJOJQJh*CJOJQJhzhMCJOJQJhMCJOJQJhzhU#CJOJQJhRCJOJQJf}~!"#$F'( gd` gdU# gdU#gd` gdU# p^p`gdU# p^pgdU# & F gd? -. 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